1. 首页
2. 新闻资讯
3. 正文

设计模式学习笔记原型模式以及深浅拷贝的区别

原型模式也是创建对象的一种方式，它一般用在这样的场景：系统中存在大量相同或相似对象的创建问题，如果用传统的构造函数来创建对象，会比较复杂而且耗费资源。这个时候使用原型模式的克隆方式，能够节省不少时间。比如Java 类中提供的Object clone()就是原型模式的应用。

一、原型模式介绍

原型设计模式（Prototype Design Pattern）指用一个已经创建的实例作为原型，通过复制该原型对象来创建一个和原型相同或相似的新对象。在Java语言中就存在克隆的方式，比如浅拷贝和深拷贝。

对于一般的对象创建，本身不会花费太多的资源，但是对于负责的对象，比如对象的数据需要经过复杂的计算才能得到（比如排序、计算哈希值），抑或是需要从 RPC、网络、数据库、文件系统等非常慢速的IO中读取，这个时候就可以利用原型模式从其他对象直接拷贝，从而减少资源的消耗。

二、原型模式的实现

在Java中原型模式的实现方式就是深拷贝和浅拷贝，下面来谈谈深拷贝和浅拷贝的区别

2.1 深拷贝和浅拷贝

2.1.1 浅拷贝

浅拷贝（Shadow Clone）是把原型对象中的成员变量为值类型的属性都复制给克隆对象，将为引用类的引用地址复制给克隆对象：

实现代码如下：

//实现Cloneable接口 public class ShadowCopy implements Cloneable{      private String name;      private int id;      public String getName() {         return name;     }      public void setName(String name) {         this.name = name;     }      public int getId() {         return id;     }      public void setId(int id) {         this.id = id;     }      public ShadowCopy(String name, int id) {         this.name = name;         this.id = id;     }      @Override     protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {         return super.clone();     } } //调用测试 public class PrototypeTest {     public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {         ShadowCopy shadowCopy = new ShadowCopy("ethan", 01);         ShadowCopy copy = (ShadowCopy) shadowCopy.clone();         System.out.println("name:" + copy.getName() + " " + "id:" + copy.getId());         System.out.println(copy == shadowCopy);     } }

从最后的测试结果copy == shadowCopy显示为false，说明为浅拷贝。我们再看看深拷贝：

2.1.2 深拷贝

深拷贝（Deep Clone）是将原型对象中的所有对象，无论值类型还是引用类型，都复制一份给拷贝对象：

那么深拷贝该如何实现？而且前面我们发现，在拷贝时为何需要重写Object的clone方法？先来看看其源码，发现clone方法是一个本地方法：

/**      * Creates and returns a copy of this object.  The precise meaning      * of "copy" may depend on the class of the object. The general      * intent is that, for any object {@code x}, the expression:      * <blockquote>      * <pre>      * x.clone() != x</pre></blockquote>      * will be true, and that the expression:      * <blockquote>      * <pre>      * x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()</pre></blockquote>      * will be {@code true}, but these are not absolute requirements.      * While it is typically the case that:      * <blockquote>      * <pre>      * x.clone().equals(x)</pre></blockquote>      * will be {@code true}, this is not an absolute requirement.      * <p>      * By convention, the returned object should be obtained by calling      * {@code super.clone}.  If a class and all of its superclasses (except      * {@code Object}) obey this convention, it will be the case that      * {@code x.clone().getClass() == x.getClass()}.      * <p>      * By convention, the object returned by this method should be independent      * of this object (which is being cloned).  To achieve this independence,      * it may be necessary to modify one or more fields of the object returned      * by {@code super.clone} before returning it.  Typically, this means      * copying any mutable objects that comprise the internal "deep structure"      * of the object being cloned and replacing the references to these      * objects with references to the copies.  If a class contains only      * primitive fields or references to immutable objects, then it is usually      * the case that no fields in the object returned by {@code super.clone}      * need to be modified.      * <p>      * The method {@code clone} for class {@code Object} performs a      * specific cloning operation. First, if the class of this object does      * not implement the interface {@code Cloneable}, then a      * {@code CloneNotSupportedException} is thrown. Note that all arrays      * are considered to implement the interface {@code Cloneable} and that      * the return type of the {@code clone} method of an array type {@code T[]}      * is {@code T[]} where T is any reference or primitive type.      * Otherwise, this method creates a new instance of the class of this      * object and initializes all its fields with exactly the contents of      * the corresponding fields of this object, as if by assignment; the      * contents of the fields are not themselves cloned. Thus, this method      * performs a "shallow copy" of this object, not a "deep copy" operation.      * <p>      * The class {@code Object} does not itself implement the interface      * {@code Cloneable}, so calling the {@code clone} method on an object      * whose class is {@code Object} will result in throwing an      * exception at run time.      *      * @return     a clone of this instance.      * @throws  CloneNotSupportedException  if the object's class does not      *               support the {@code Cloneable} interface. Subclasses      *               that override the {@code clone} method can also      *               throw this exception to indicate that an instance cannot      *               be cloned.      * @see java.lang.Cloneable      */ protected native Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException;

从注释可以知道，对于所有对象来说：

1. x.clone()!=x应当返回true，因为克隆对象不能和原对象是同一个对象
2. x.clone().getClass()==x.getClass()应当返回true，因为克隆对象和原对象的类型是相同的
3. x.clone().equals(x)应当返回true，因为使用equals方法比较时，其值都是相同的

Java 实现拷贝主要有两个步骤：一是实现Cloneable空接口，二是重写Object的Clone方法后再调用父类的克隆方法super.clone()，那为何这样做？

拷贝功能不是一个常用的功能，因此在对象需要时实现即可，这样比较合理，而且在Java语言中一个类也可以实现多个接口。对于调用clone方法，因为该方法语义的特殊性，所以要有JVM的直接支持，而clone方法就是这个调用接口，一旦有类调用这个方法，就可以实现拷贝功能了。

2.1.3 深拷贝的实现方式

深拷贝的实现方式有很多种，大体上有这样几种：

1.所有对象都实现深拷贝

这种方式需要让类中所有引用对象都实现拷贝，从而实现类的深拷贝，代码如下：

public class CloneExample {     public static void main(String[] args) throws CloneNotSupportedException {         // 创建被赋值对象         Address address = new Address(110, "北京");         People p1 = new People(1, "Java", address);         // 克隆 p1 对象         People p2 = p1.clone();         // 修改原型对象         p1.getAddress().setCity("西安");         // 输出 p1 和 p2 地址信息         System.out.println("p1:" + p1.getAddress().getCity() +                 " p2:" + p2.getAddress().getCity());     }     /**      * 用户类      */     static class People implements Cloneable {         private Integer id;         private String name;         private Address address;          public Integer getId() {             return id;         }          public void setId(Integer id) {             this.id = id;         }          public String getName() {             return name;         }          public void setName(String name) {             this.name = name;         }          public Address getAddress() {             return address;         }          public void setAddress(Address address) {             this.address = address;         }          public People(Integer id, String name, Address address) {             this.id = id;             this.name = name;             this.address = address;         }          /**          * 重写 clone 方法          * @throws CloneNotSupportedException          */         @Override         protected People clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {             People people = (People) super.clone();             people.setAddress(this.address.clone()); // 引用类型克隆赋值             return people;         }     }     /**      * 地址类      */     static class Address implements Cloneable {         private Integer id;         private String city;          public Address(Integer id, String city) {             this.id = id;             this.city = city;         }          public Integer getId() {             return id;         }          public void setId(Integer id) {             this.id = id;         }          public String getCity() {             return city;         }          public void setCity(String city) {             this.city = city;         }          /**          * 重写 clone 方法          * @throws CloneNotSupportedException          */         @Override         protected Address clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {             return (Address) super.clone();         }     } }

2.通过构造方法实现深拷贝

如果构造方法的参数为基本数据类型或者字符串类型，直接进行赋值即可，如果是对象类型，则需要重新 new 一个对象，实现代码如下：

public class CloneExample2 {     public static void main(String[] args) {         Address address = new Address(100, "北京");         People people1 = new People(1, "ethan", address);         People people2 = new People(people1.getId(), people1.getName(), new Address(people1.getAddress().getId(), people1.getAddress().getCity()));              }      static class People {         private Integer id;         private String name;         private Address address;          public People(Integer id, String name, Address address) {             this.id = id;             this.name = name;             this.address = address;         }          public Integer getId() {             return id;         }          public void setId(Integer id) {             this.id = id;         }          public String getName() {             return name;         }          public void setName(String name) {             this.name = name;         }          public Address getAddress() {             return address;         }          public void setAddress(Address address) {             this.address = address;         }     }      static class Address {         private Integer id;         private String city;          public Address(Integer id, String city) {             this.id = id;             this.city = city;         }          public Integer getId() {             return id;         }          public void setId(Integer id) {             this.id = id;         }          public String getCity() {             return city;         }          public void setCity(String city) {             this.city = city;         }     } }

3.通过字节流实现深拷贝

可以通过 JDK 自带的字节流实现深拷贝的方式，是先将要原型对象写入到内存中的字节流，然后再从这个字节流中读出刚刚存储的信息，来作为一个新的对象返回，那么这个克隆对象和原型对象就不存在任何地址上的共享，实现代码如下：

public class CloneExample3 {     public static void main(String[] args) {         Address address = new Address(100, "北京");         People people1 = new People(1, "ethan", address);                  //字节流拷贝对象         People people2 = StreamClone.clone(people1);              }          static class StreamClone {         public static <T extends Serializable> T clone(People obj) {             T cloneObj = null;             try {                 //写入字节流                 ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();                 ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(byteArrayOutputStream);                 objectOutputStream.writeObject(obj);                 objectOutputStream.close();                 //分配内存，写入原始对象并生成新对象                 ByteArrayInputStream byteArrayInputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(byteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray());                 ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(byteArrayInputStream);                 //返回生成的新对象                 cloneObj = (T) objectInputStream.readObject();                 objectInputStream.close();             } catch (Exception e) {                 e.printStackTrace();             }             return cloneObj;         }     }     static class People implements Serializable {         private Integer id;         private String name;         private Address address;          public Integer getId() {             return id;         }          public void setId(Integer id) {             this.id = id;         }          public String getName() {             return name;         }          public void setName(String name) {             this.name = name;         }          public Address getAddress() {             return address;         }          public void setAddress(Address address) {             this.address = address;         }          public People(Integer id, String name, Address address) {             this.id = id;             this.name = name;             this.address = address;         }     }      static class Address implements Serializable {         private Integer id;         private String city;          public Integer getId() {             return id;         }          public void setId(Integer id) {             this.id = id;         }          public String getCity() {             return city;         }          public void setCity(String city) {             this.city = city;         }          public Address(Integer id, String city) {             this.id = id;             this.city = city;         }     } }

在利用字节流进行拷贝时，要注意每个对象必须实现Serizlizable接口，标识自己可以被序列化，否则就会抛出（java.io.NotSerizlizableException）异常。

4.通过Apache Commons Lang实现深拷贝

相对于方法3，这个方法可以直接调用，实现代码如下：

People people2 = (People)SerizlizationUtils.clone(people1); //其他部分和方法3相同，省略

5.通过JSON工具类实现深拷贝

Gson gson = new Gson(); People people2 = gson.fromJson(gson.toJson(people1), People.class);

在该方法中，不需要对People和Address类进行标识序列化。使用JSON 工具类会先把对象转化成字符串，然后再从字符串转化成新的对象，因此不会和原型对象有关联。从而实现了深拷贝，其他类似的 JSON 工具类的实现方式也是如此。

三、总结

原型模式在 Java 中主要有两种实现方式：深拷贝和浅拷贝，两者区别是深拷贝会复制引用对象，浅拷贝只会复制引用对象的地址。深拷贝相对于浅拷贝更加耗时和资源。

为何有深拷贝的存在呢？因为对于可变对象来说，浅拷贝对于引用对象的地址拷贝会带来修改风险。所以在可变对象的场景下，尽量还是选择深拷贝的方式进行复制。

参考资料

https://time.geekbang.org/column/article/200786

《Java 重学设计模式》

https://kaiwu.lagou.com/course/courseInfo.htm?courseId=59#/detail/pc?id=1767

http://c.biancheng.net/view/1343.html